The phrase “eye for an eye” is one of the most quoted lines in Scripture. It comes from the Old Testament law and is often misunderstood. Many people think it promotes revenge, but in truth, it was meant to bring balance, fairness, and justice to ancient society.
The Original Context
The phrase appears in the law given through Moses. It was a principle of justice, not personal vengeance.
“But if there is harm, then you shall pay life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.” (Exodus 21:23-24, ESV)
“Your eye shall not pity. It shall be life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.” (Deuteronomy 19:21, ESV)
This law, known as lex talionis (law of retaliation), was designed to ensure punishments matched the crime. Instead of escalating violence, it set a limit—only equal justice.
Justice, Not Revenge
In biblical times, people might have been tempted to punish far beyond what was fair. If someone caused an injury, the natural reaction could be to inflict greater harm in return. God’s law set boundaries.
- If a person caused injury, they could not be killed for it.
- If property was stolen, punishment should not be harsher than the crime.
- It taught fairness in a world that leaned toward excess.
Jesus’ Teaching on “Eye for an Eye”
When Jesus spoke about this phrase in the Sermon on the Mount, He raised the standard even higher.
“You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.’ But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.” (Matthew 5:38-39, ESV)
Jesus was not canceling the law of justice in the courts. Instead, He was teaching His followers not to live by personal revenge. His way is grace, mercy, and forgiveness.
Real-Life Application
Think about everyday life:
- If someone cuts you off in traffic, do you try to cut them off back?
- If a coworker insults you, do you respond with harsher words?
- If someone wrongs you, is your first thought revenge?
Jesus shows a different way. He calls us to break the cycle of retaliation and respond with peace.
“Beloved, never avenge yourselves, but leave it to the wrath of God, for it is written, ‘Vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord.’” (Romans 12:19, ESV)
Summary Table
| Aspect | Old Testament Law | Jesus’ Teaching |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Limit punishment to equal justice | Go beyond justice, show mercy |
| Focus | Legal system and fairness | Personal response and heart attitude |
| Result | Balance and order in society | Grace and forgiveness in relationships |
Final Thoughts
“Eye for an eye” was never about revenge. It was about fairness. Jesus showed that the highest way is not just fairness, but forgiveness. Justice is good, but mercy is better, and love fulfills the law.
